Nursing+Ethics+History+Theory

//Nursing History, Ethics, and Theorists // //~Nursing is not for everyone. It takes a very strong, intelligent, and compassionate person to take on the ills of the world with passion and purpose and work to maintain the health and well-being of the planet. No wonder we're exhausted at the end of the day! // //~Donna Wilk Cardillo //



I love nursing history! Can you imagine what our colleagues have gone through? One thing that I have realized is that we too are contributing each day through our actions or non-actions to contemporary nursing history.

Wiggs (2010) quotes Schachter-Shalomi and Miller (1995) as noting: "Many of us are rich without knowing it, because we have not permitted ourselves to examine and take delight in the successes that we planted in the past. When we harvest our lives, we receive return on our investment in the form of inner riches. We see that our work wasn’t in vain; that our relationships have brought forth rich fruit; that our struggles for meaning and value have been worthwhile; and that even our failures, stumbling, and ill-conceived actions unwittingly have led to unexpected successes and to wisdom that is beyond any price tag." (pp. 53–54)


 * Nursing History **

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 * ANA Code of Ethics **

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 * Professionalism **

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 * Nursing Associations: **

American Nurses Association - Code of Ethics for Nurses: []

American Nurses Association []

National League for Nursing: []

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 150%;">South Carolina Nurses Association <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 150%;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 150%;">Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing, at the Institute of Medicine []


 * <span style="color: #d33636; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 20.799999237060547px;">Contemporary Nursing : **

<span style="color: #d33636; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 15.600000381469727px;">Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), College of Nursing (CON) newsletter Lifelines

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">I am so proud, excited and humbled that I will be starting my doctorate here this summer. This publication highlights this university and many of the research interests and activities. To see a grand overview of nursing from the bedside to the community, from student to researcher, read! <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16.899999618530273px;">Lifelines: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16.899999618530273px;">http://issuu.com/MUSC_CON/docs/lifelines_fw2012?mode=window

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 17px;">I started a nursing blog several years ago as I began my nursing career educational advancements. In it I have followed other nursing blogs and posted various papers on leadership, mentoring, and education in nursing. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 17px;">Please feel free to visit at Nurses Watch.

<span style="color: #c90629; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 150%;"> Nursing Theorists //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">~Nursing care comes in many forms. Sometimes it is the ability to make someone feel physically comfortable by various means. Other times it is the ability to improve the body's ability to achieve or maintain health. But often it is an uncanny yet well-honed knack to see beyond the obvious and address, in some way, the deeper needs of the human soul. // //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">~Donna Wilk Cardillo, A Daybook for Beginning Nurses //

//<span style="color: #d90000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16pt;">Nursing Theorists //

Nursing has an amazing history. This page will be devoted to nursing theory and theorists. I have included the chosen videos so you can see these theorists, not necessarily for the content of the videos. As you will see and hear, many of these theorists did not necessarily set out to write a theory. Many times it developed while teaching students and/or practicing the art of nursing.

//<span style="color: #d90000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16pt;">Nursing theories //

Over the years nurses have attempted to //define nursing//. From these efforts, numerous //theories have emerged//. Many might consider these theories rather dry material, and in all honesty, this was probably my first conclusion as well. As I studied nursing theorists, I felt confused by the language. I was at a loss to see the purpose.

However, for any students grappling with these same feelings, I would like to encourage you. The more you study them, the more you appreciate these nurses who spent a great deal of time and effort //defining our profession, for ultimately this is what delineates a science.//

The first nursing theorist was Florence Nightingale.

*Nightingale (1860) was the first to note that nursing knowledge was separate and distinct from medical knowledge.Nightingale’s theory focused on providing fresh air, light, cleanliness, quiet and proper nutrition (Potter & Perry, 2009).

The // domain // of nursing describes the profession’s subject, concepts, values, and beliefs.It provides the means by which we can provide for client’s health across the spectrum.

A // paradigm // describes the domain using science, philosophy and theory.

*Nursing’s paradigm involves person, health, environment and nursing.

// Person // is the individual or community receiving care. // Health // has different meanings for each client and is continuously changing. // Environment // includes all possible conditions affecting the client. // Nursing // is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to health problems. (Potter & Perry, 2009)

A // phenomenon // is an aspect of life that people experience.

// Theories // contain concepts, definitions, and proposals to explain phenomenon.

//<span style="color: #d90000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 160%;">*Nursing theories can be grand, middle range, descriptive or prescriptive. //

<span style="color: #d90000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Grand theories are ambitious, abstract, broad and complex (McEwen & Wills, 2007).

<span style="color: #d90000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Middle range theories are more precise when it comes to nursing practice but are also more limited (McEwen & Wills, 2007).*

<span style="color: #d90000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Descriptive theories describe phenomenon

<span style="color: #d90000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Prescriptive theories deal with nursing interventions.

//<span style="color: #d90000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 160%;">*Remember the Nursing Paradigm has at its core the concepts of person, environment, nursing and health; each theorist will define these terms in his or her own way within their theory. //

What’s the point in nursing theory? Potter and Perry (2009) note that a nursing theory: Identifies domains and goals of nursing Provides knowledge Guides research Identifies research techniques used to validate nursing interventions Formulates legislation Formulates regulations Develops curriculum plans Establish criteria for measuring quality Guide development of nursing care Provide rationale and structure for nursing activities

Interdisciplinary theories are also utilized in nursing. They explain phenomenon from other disciplines Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is utilized in nursing to prioritize care. Developmental theories (Piaget, Erikson) are used to anticipate care needs. Psychosocial theories (Grief, culture, learning) are used to predict care.

Open systems interact with the environment, while closed systems such as a test tube, do not.

Input such as the nursing process can affect a system. Output is the result and feedback is evaluation.

Below is a great webpage which goes over various components of nursing theories.

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<span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> Sister Calista Roy: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">As a pediatric nurse, Roy was amazed at the ability of children to adapt to health issues. She created the adaption model and later expanded upon it to include adults. Many schools have used Roy's model as a framework in the preparation of their curriculum. (Jonhson & Webber 2010) <span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">The Adaptation Model

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Betty Neuman

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<span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Betty Neuman <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Betty Neuman developed her systems theory in response to questions from graduate students about nursing variables. This model focuses on the response of the patient to environmental stressors. She emphasizes that an open system where elements of nursing practice interact. Clients can be groups, organizations, families, individuals or communities. She recognizes the patient as a whole but recognizes and values the parts. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">(Johnson & Webber, 2010) <span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">The Systems Model

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<span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Imogene M. King <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Imogene King developed the theory of goal attainment. Nurses in almost every area of care have utilized this theory with success. Her theory emphasizes a transactional process where the client and the nurse mutually set goals and work toward achievement. This theory has been used as a basis for the development of subsequent family theories. (Johnson & Webber, 2010) <span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Theory of Goal Attainment

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<span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Virginia Avenal Henderson ~ <span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">The first lady of nursing. <span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Nursing Definition <span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;">media type="youtube" key="YeOfKoshFm0" height="315" width="560"

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<span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Jean Watson <span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Theory of Human Caring

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<span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Rosemary Rizzo Parse <span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">The Human Becoming Theory

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<span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Madeline Leininger <span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Culture Care

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<span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Myra Estrine Levine <span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">The Consevation Theory

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<span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Dorothea Orem <span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Orem's Self Care Deficit Theory

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<span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Nola Pender <span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Health Promotion Theory

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<span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Hildegard E. Peplau <span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Interpersonal Relations

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<span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Martha E. Rogers <span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Science of Unitary Human Beings

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<span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Patricia Benner <span style="color: #d23232; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Skill Aquisition Model

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">References:

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Lifelines: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">http://issuu.com/MUSC_CON/docs/lifelines_fw2012?mode=window

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Alligood,Martha Raile; Marriner Tomey, Ann. (1998). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (4th ed.). (L. Wilson, Ed.) St Louis: Mosby.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Eichelberger, Lisa Wright; Sitzman, Kathleen. (2004). Understanding the Work of Nurse Theorists : A Creative Beginning. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">George, J. B. (Ed.). (1990). Nursing Theories: The Base for Professional Nursing Practice (3rd ed.). Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton and Lange.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Hiott, D.B. (2010). A Grand Nursing Theory. Nurse's Watch. October 23, 2010 @ http://nurseswatch.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2011-03-26T19%3A21%3A00-07%3A00&max-results=7 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Johnson, B. & Webber, P. (2010). An Introduction to Theory and Reasoning in Nursing. (3rd edition) Tokyo: Wolters Kluwer: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">McEwen, Melanie; Wills, Evelyn. (2007). Theoretical Basis for Nursing (2nd ed.). (H. Kogut, E. Kors, & M. Zuccarini, Eds.) Philadelpia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.